Architecture

Layer Normalization

Definition

A technique that normalises activations across the feature dimension within a single layer, stabilising training of deep networks. Layer norm is standard in transformer architectures, enabling effective training at billion-parameter scale.

Related Terms

Transformer

The dominant neural network architecture for language, vision, and multimodal AI, introduced in the 2017 "Attention Is All You Need" paper. Transformers use self-attention to process all tokens in parallel, enabling training on internet-scale data and powering every major LLM in use today.

Batch Normalization

A technique that normalises activations across the batch dimension during training, accelerating convergence and reducing sensitivity to hyperparameters. Though largely superseded by layer norm in transformers, batch norm remains prevalent in convolutional vision architectures.

Residual Connection

A shortcut connection that adds a layer's input directly to its output, allowing gradients to flow more easily during training and enabling very deep networks. Residual connections are essential in transformers and were pioneered in the ResNet image model family.

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